When at tritium a neutron is delivering one electron into the electron shell, at once this will rotate at a contra position to the first, the H-electron.

Now 2 protons (2+) affect to both and with 2-times distance the other electron (1/4*-1). This results a force of +1,75 instead previously 1,0 to the electrons.

Now both electrons reduce their radius and will be accelerated by the kernel according the radius shorting.

With just under 60% radius both would be balanced by above calculating.

1b) Electron of Lithium

If an electron is leaving a neutron of He, the H- and He-electron will be attracted still norrower to the kernel (because the kernel has now 3+).

3 electrons cannot rotate within the same shell.

One of the 3 electrons will be urged far to outside, the other 2 further to inside.

The most extern electron of these 3 will be hold by a little bit less than the force 1+, because the both inner electrons have an average bigger effect to the far away circulating most extern electron than 2 protons of the kernel.

Therefore the 'Lithium'-electron can have a bigger radius than the H-electron at hydrogen.

1c) Exteriour electron at Be up to C

At leaving of an electron from a neutron from Li to Beryllium Be it happens principially the same as at the changeover from H to He. The radius of the electrons is becoming narrower (at both shells 1s/2s).

At leaving of an electron from a neutron from Berylium to boron B it happens principially again the same as at the changeover from He to Li. The electron radius of the new is huge and a little bit bigger than at Li.

At leaving of an electron from a neutron from Bor to carbon C it happens again the same like form Li to Be. The electron radius narrows (at all 3 shells).

1d) p-shell with 3 electrons

At the changeover from C to N respectively up to Ne all the additional electrons accumulate wihin the present p-shell.

But the p-shell is intern again compounded of 3 smaller shells with maximal 2 electrons each.

The 3. electron of the p-shell leaves at once the old opinoin.

It has a little bit bigger radius than the both inner electons of this shell and is beginning the middle p-shell. Therefore also melting- and boiling point of phosphorus are so low.

1e) p-shell with 4 respectively 5 electrons

The 4. electron (for ex. N, S) seems to effect similar like the second of the p-shell. It is attracting the 3. and all others to a narrower radius.

The 5. electron effects like the 3., but more powerful (for ex. Cl, Br, J).

1f) Gases and electrons

The 6. electron effects again like the 4., but still essentially stronger. All are inert gases.

Therefore the p-shell is compounded of 3 shells, in which the electrons are placed in pairs each contrary like within the s-shells.

All gases have a full exterior p-electron shell at the atom border (Helium effects also like a full p).

At these gases the last electron contracts all electron rings essentially more narrow (it electron couple, the first both inner shells of the p-shell and all farther inside placed electron shells).

1g) Force reversion 1

Within the area of the last electron shell we have a force which holds the last electron.

Direct behind the last electron the force is changing to the oponent (because of this last electron).

To enough far away situated reference areas the electrons habe a longer average distance than the protons.

Besides this the electrons have to such reference areas a force reducing angle because of their radii.

But the strong force of the electrons effects quadratic to varied distances.

In the anterior part of the atomic sphere, the electrons have a shorter way to outside points than the protons.

Therefore we can compute by quadratic force a bigger force of the electrons to outside than from the protons, although the electrons have overall by average a little bit more distance to outside and a mutual repelling angle.

Therefore every atom effects basically to outside with the strong force direction of the electrons.

Now this surplus of force attracts opposite charged particles.

The 1. force reversion at the atomic border is directly after the last electron orbit !

2) Shells at the atom border

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2a) Border shells of the atom

The shells 1a up to 2a are drawed here very exaggerated wide.

In the reality we find in this wide drawed area lot of tenths of positive and negative shells.

2b) Shell 1+

Behind the force reversion 1 the shell 1a has a force tip.

Behind this the force would descend again clearly with additional distance.

Shell 1a is attracting with its positive force negative particles from outside.

These are gathering within the force tip.

With increasing negative energy of this force tip the positive force descends behind the tip the faster.

From a definite energy on the tip descends behind it to zero respectively behind that to minus.

At this force reversion 2 shell 1+ (1a) is ending and the negative shell 1- (1b) is beginning.

2c) Shell 1-

The negative shell increases according to the minos energy in shell 1+.

These minos have opposite to the atomic kernel a short reach of force.

The energy of shell 1- is in all a lot of smaller than the difference energy from electrons and protons.

Directly aside 1+ the negative force is more powerful because of the little distance to 1+, behind that it is again overtrumped by the atomic interior.

With increasing distance from shell 1+ the negative force is descending quicker than the positive from interior (because of this different energy quantity and thereby connected reaches of force).

At a definite distance the force of shell 1 becomes null.

2d) Shell 2+

The negative shell 1- would attract positive particles, but is ending too quickly.

Therefore it cannot reach positive particles outside.

If no positive particles are coming, shell 1- keeps empty.

At the end of shell 1- we have force reversion 3.

Here shell 2+ is beginning. It is again positive and attracts from outside present negatives.

Thereby the interior continues attracting negative particles from far outside.

The powerful particles of these minos are stopping in front of shell 1- (inside 2a). The more such negative particles are coming the earlier they are building up a shell 2-.

2e) Further reversion shells

Negative particles in shell 2a produce again the reversion shell 2-.

After shell 2+ and 2- still many further shells can be built up (taking turns with +/-).

At a free atom this could continue so nearly unendingless.

But it is to observe, that every follow couple of positive and negative shell is weaker than the preceding.

2f) End of shell, atoms at the border negative

It is also to be observed, that the minos energy of shells can surpass the difference energy of electrons and protons with a sufficient amount.

Then the shell production will end.

Then afterwards the atom is negative up to the unendlessness.

It also important, that round a positive original charge can rotate 2 negative. This is the double.

Similarly an inside positive atom can outside hold a more negative energy than the inside amount of the positive.

2g) Waves

This shell system works the same, like one throws one stone into the water.

Thereby a wave comes into being, which alternating supplies hill and valley and becomes weaker with additional distance.

This wave system is at particles like atoms however 3-dimensional.

With changing surroundings this wave system is ending. Border more atoms together, this wave system of the nature reaches up to the waves are bordering these of the neighbour atoms.

2h) Vibration of shells ?

The electrons circulate round the atom kernel and vary therefore permanently the strong difference force between protons and electrons to outside.

Vibrate therefore all external shells of atoms permanently ?

The farther inside a shell of the same atom is placed, the higher is their force tip and the force difference of vibration.

Has an atom outside 2 electrons, so the force difference of vibration is smaller.

2i) No vibration outside

The wave length of the shells further inside is smaller than that of the more extern.

Of that place minos have the smallest energy and are thereby very indolent.

The circulation of electrons hardly varies their position.

The further outside the shells are placed, the more possible variation will be dismantled.

At the atomic bond of more atoms this vibration is already null.

Particles 3 (wave -lengths)

Energy of weaks - light - quants

mailto mhaertel@naturgesetze.de

1) Energy and force of weaks in general

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1a) Weaks (for ex. light) on basis of original charges

One negative weak (for ex. light-particle) is compound of 4 original charges, a negative U1- in the middle, 2 near rotating positive U2+,3+ and one far circulating negative U4-.

These 2 positive and negative original charges don't neutralize themselves completely, because 3 of these have a radius.

This radius realizes to far outside placed reference points a greater average distance and a repelling angle.

The force of the paritcle to an exterior reference point is mostly computed by the radius of -U4 (+rU2 +rU3) and the distance to this point.

1b) Necessarity of a separate particle -energy

The energy (charge energy) of an original charge is always the same. It is not depending on distances.

By adding the energies of above 4 original charges, it results 0.

But these 4 original charges (from above 4-particle) have different angles and distances to an extern reference point. Because that, there is calculated at every other distance and angle another added force.

The sum of the forces to this point is by average only 0 at a special ring with an exact radius round this 4-particle.

To outside of this ring we have a force which it is not zero. To every force also always an energy is belonging to.

The energy sum of the 4 original charges is null, but the whole 4-particle has a difference energy to outside, which depends on the radii of U2,3,4.

Therefore we get a new energy, which may not be only confound of the pure energy of original charges.

At above 4-particle the -U4 has a powerfuller force amount to further outside than the sum of -U1, +U2 and +U3 together. The reason is, -U4 comes much nearer to the reference point and this force is contrary quadratic to the distances.

The average total force of the 4-particle is different at every other distance of a reference area.

1c) Difference energy

The energy of above light-particle is computed of the total force of all 4 original charges at a reference area respectively of the corresponding sphere surface.

The summarized energy of all 4 original charges would be null (this E doesn't depend on distances, E=p*m³).

Because of angles and other average distances of the rotators we get a difference energy from the whole 4-particle to outside.

This difference energy at an extern sphere surface is much smaller than the energy amounts of an original charge.

Without changing the intern radius, also this difference energy of this 4-particle keeps the same.

But this difference energy supplies another forces at other distances to outside, which are not computed by E=N*m.

Also on the 'sphere surface' of this 4-particle this force varies not with E=N*m like at original charges.

1d) Common rules to paricle energy, difference masse

Above difference energy is the total energy of above complete particle (light), the particle energy.

This particle energy of 4 original charges is a fractional amount of the energy of one original charge (for ex. 1/1018).

The same fractional amount of masse of an original charge hat so much energy like the whole light-particle. We call this masse fractional amount of an original charge 'difference masse'.

1e) Intern/extern particle diameter

The intern particle diameter of a light particle is at least 2 times more of the radius of its extern original charge 4-.

The extern particle diameter of the light particle (force diameter) depends on the force of this shell, in which it is placed.

The intern particle diameter can have 10-40m, the extern for ex. 10-20m.

1f) Intern particle diameter stabil

With varying extern forces the intern particle radius don't changes.

The human being cannot change the intern particle radius.

People only can separate more particles from another, but not modify or produce one single of them !

Would the intern particle radius reduce with pressure from outside, the whole material would collapse within a fractional amount of a second.

Besides this the difference energy would be reduced respectively destroyed thereby.

1g) Basic force effect to plane are and sphere-surface

At x-times distance from the center of an original charge the force to a plane area descends to 1/x².

At x-times distance from the center of an original charge the force to its own whole sphere surface descends to 1/x.

2 weaks which have a different energy amount: the weaker has only within a kind of ellipse-shaped volume a bigger force effect which surpasses there less weak.

To the rest of the universe the less weak surpasses the weaker with its force effect.

2 weaks with the same energy amount: both border extern at an unendlingless plane are. With 2 times distance, the force descends to 1/x⁴ (m² keeps; N= 1/16 average p * 1m²).

1h) Extern particle radius at extern force variation

With x-times distance between the centers of 2 rotation 4-particles (x-times extern particle radius), the force descends to about 1/x³ up to 1/x⁴.

With ½ extern particle radius on that sphere surface the force of a 4-particle increases about to 8-times (N= 32p / 4m²).

But the force of the plane area between two same 4-particles increases here to 1/x⁴.

Now it is decisive against which the force is to calculate, against other equal 4-particles or against the energy of great shells respectively strong particles.

1i) Bigger U4-radius

The pressure of the shell might be at every point on the sphere surface about 32 times higher, to press light extern to the halve distances together (32p*1/4m²=8N).

But be careful. With such distance variations between whole particles the energy of these 4-particles keeps the same.

The energy will be only changed if the intern particle radius will be changed.

With the 2-times radius of U4 (-U3-U2) the force of this particle increases about 8- (surface) up to 16-times (plane area).

Always there is to make difference between the energy and the force. The energy is 3-dimansional (volume), the force has a 2-dimensional meter (area).

The same, there must be differenced between the energy of original charge (cannot be varied) and the energy of weaks (energy effect is depending on the radii of their original charges).

There where the force does not vary inversely quadratic to the distances (strong force), you must be careful at calculating with the factor energy (=difference-energy) !

1j) Force of shell- and particles nearly proportional

The force between equal weaks is changing with x-times distance by 1/x⁴-times (at the plane area).

Therefore when the shell is varying its force with factor times 4 or 16, their inside particles will reduce their extern particle radius nearly to 70,7% respectively 50%.

Then inside the same volume there could be placed 2,83- respectively 8-times more equal powerful particles.

The more negative particle energy a positive shell takes up with arriving minos, the smaller becomes the reminder positive energy of the shell.

New negative particle reduce the positive energy of the shell. The shell can take up so much particles up to be full, respectively their energy to outside is surpassed by its 4-particles.

Because above force effect of the weaks (factor 1/x⁴-times, need of space) also the force of each particle is important.

More 'little' 4-particles can realize more energy in the same volume.

When a positive shell is filled up with the present amount of negative energy, then it is full and cannot take up more negatives (minos).

Therefore shells with particles of a shorter wave-length (less particle energy) are wider. They need more 'small' particles to fill up with the same energy amount. But the reversion shell nearly keeps the same bulk (a little less).

2) Energy-variation to distances

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2a) E-conservation at strongs -- E-variation at weaks

The energy behaves at sphere radius and the sphere surface of original charges accordingly E=N*m (E keeps; N=p*m²).

At distance variations x times m to the sphere surface O1 we get follow parameters: E keeps, O1=*x², p= /x³, N=/x.

At distance variations x times m between 2 original charges (at a plane area O2) we get: E keeps, O2 keeps, p= /x², N=/x².

Comparison at 2 times distance at sphere surface - plane area: p = 1/8 - ¼, O1=x²=4, O2 keeps=1

At distance variations x times m of a rotation particle to an extern plane area (2. equal weak) we get: O2 keeps, p= /x⁴, N=/x⁴.

At distance variations x times m of a rotation particle to another particle with nearly maximal other energy we get: E keeps, O1=*x², p=*1/x⁵, N=/x³.

You can long examin the consequences of above equations !

Pressure p effects at distance variations at weaks by 1/x² greater than at strongs.

2b) Distance variation changes the energy of systems

If one doesn't varys the intern distance of a particle, then its energy will not be modified.

Sphere surface of a strong: Here the energy is accordingly E = N * m. The energy is at every m (radius variation) the same.

Plane area at strongs: energy and area keep at x times m-variations. N is changing accordingly times 1/x².

Far extern plane area at weaks: The area keeps at m-variations. Difference-energy respectively pressure descends to outside accordingly E/x², the force N accordingly 1/m⁴ (plane area) respectively 1/m³.(sphere surface).

Extern elipse area at weaks: Area varies at m-variations by x². p and diff-E change by 1/x² times more than at strongs (strongs: strong E keeps). N is changing accordingly 1/m³.

At weaks the difference-energy varies with x times distances according by 1/x².

2c) Summarize of energy behavior of strongs/weaks

At a distance variation (plane area) to 1/x of one original charge the force increases to x² with the approach.

At the rotation particle additional distance ratio and angle of the rotators are changing with approach. To these the difference force varies quadratic.

With distance variation from a rotation particle the difference energy of this particle varies. Therefore the pressure at the plane area or the ellipse surface will change additionally by this factor.

The weak has to every other distance another energy which varies by the distance variation.

2d) Formeleinsatz zum Energie-Vergleich

Original charge: E = p* V >> if N = *4 >> p= *8 >> average p= *4

For the plane area we have p=*4, for the spheric energy we must take p= *8 !

Rotation system: E=p*V >> if N= *16 >> p= *32 >> average p= *16 (area don't changes)

For the plane-area at weaks we have p= *x⁴, for the elipsed energy we have to take p= *x³ !

E at rotation systems = *x⁵p * 1/x³m³ = *1/x² !

At rotation particles the energy is depending on the distances !

This may not be confused with the simultaneous conservation of the energy of this pariticle (at each same distance).

2e) Caution at the masse effect

Energy E at charges is 3-dimensional >> with more pressure p the energy E has to increase in all directions (3-dimensional) !

Attention at more masse:

With growthing of an atomic kernel from 1 to 4 protons its force increases about 4 times. The energy also increases with times 4 !

The plane-force growed proportional to the energy !

{ Original charge: at E = p*V >> with ½ distance there are increasing p*4 and N*4 (plane area) respectively p*8 and N*2 (sphere surface) ! }

Minos: with ½ distance there are increasing p*16 and N*16 (plane area) respectively p*32 and N*8 (sphere surface) ! }

2f) E - M - Relation

With equal weaks the difference energy to outside behaves times 1/x² (force times x^-4) to x times distance variations.

According on the radi of original charge U4 of a 4-particle, the bigger or smaller is the energy of this particle with the same masse and definite distance.

Simultaneous the energy is at the same 4-particle (same r of U4) to outside permanently different with additionally distance !

With the old energy-masse-relation we have to be carefull extremly. Mostly it is not true. But within shells it can be used if their thereby particle are all the same (same radii of 4-particles).

3) Light

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3a) Shells, force tips, filling

The border of every atom has a lot of alternating plus-minus-shells.

The next following exterior shell is each opposite directed (for ex. minus instead of plus).

Every shell begins inside at null, reaches quickly its force tip and is running again to zero.

A shell can fill up to the force tip of the next reversion shell !

Often it happens, that one or more negative particles of a plus-shell is been pushed over the force tip of the bordering exterior negative shell.

Up to this force tip the particle (minos) would be braked.

3b) Light speed

From the force tip of the reversion shell on the minos will be accelerated to outside according the shell energy and its own force.

Light particles are accelerated to light speed c.

Because different waved light has different forces and is accelerated by different shell, the light speed c varies accordingly.

3c) Speed energy of light

The energy of an speed difference can be computed by the masse and this speed.

By multiplication of masse M times speed c we get the impulse I.

The energy is computet by impulse I times this speed c.

Thereby we get the formula E = M * c².

Energy and masse of a light-particle are still unknown. But we could it localize up to nearing amounts (here we renounce to that).

3d) Own-energy of light

In no case the speed-energy of light may be confused with the own-energy of light ! (Own-force effect of the particle, it makes no difference how fast it is in this moment)

How fast the light will fly is additionally depending on the accelerating shell !

Corresponding high is the light speed and thereby the result E=M*c².

With equal own-energy of the light particle there are possible unendless much light speeds and thereby infinity many values of E=M*c².

3e) Always 2 belong to the acceleration

To the acceleration force always belong 2, either 2 repelling or 2 attracting subjects.

At the light we have shells of the atom and the light particle for itself.

With the shells we have the first repelling shell, which became for ex. full and lets particles run over into neighbour shells.

3f) Acceleration of light in neighbour shells

The neighbour shells are reversion shells (contrary force direction).

First the negative neighbour shell brakes the minos (here light) up to its force tip.

Behind the force tip this negative shell accelerates this minos, because they both have the same force direction (for ex. to c).

The next shell is more long-waved and is first accelerating again. Behind its force tip it accelerates again.

3g) Permanent brake and acceleration in follow shells

This braking and re-acceleration does every follow shell to outside.

The speed of the light particle keeps hereby totally nearly unmodified.

The accelerating light flies from shell to shell, whereby it is braked and accelerated permanently.

Thereby it can also be captured by a shell.

3h) Re-capturing respectively c-loss

Has the light-particle a clear smaller force diameter than particles in exterior shells, it is mostly speeding without problems through these shells.

It also can strike out such particles , whereby it will be braked for itself.

With adding distance within the atmosphere, fluids, glass, and so on light is becoming slowlier and increasingly caught.

3i) Search of the light masse

The own-energy of light results of pressure p times volume m³ of its participating original charges

E = kg/ms² * m³ = M * m/s² *m

If one would have the extern particle diameter (force diameter), both pressure and volume of the light particle can be computed by them (E=N*m; N is the force of the sphere surface of the particle).

The masse of a light particle results of the force N, by which it is accelerated to c, divided by this acceleration (M = N / m/s²).

3j) Shell's force structures very unprecise

By this there is necessary the force of the light particles during the acceleration and the force structure of the accelerating shell.

The energy respectively force of the repelling shell can be calculated respectively isolated only very difficultly.

From both the total force N of the acceleration to c will be calculated. In the follow there is renounced on these mathe.

4) Quants

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4a) Colours

The light of H-gas has 3 marked off wave-lengths, red, blue and violet.

Every colour arises from an own shell at the H-border.

At other atoms we find alike proportions.

Shall red light be striked out, so weaker forces are necessary, but at violets shorter-waved more powerfuls.

4b) Melting of iron

Is there iron Fe melted, at the beginning it radiates red with melting.

Is the temperature further increased, so it increasingly radiates white light.

The red light-particles are placed further outside and have a longer wave-length respectively force.

Therefore the red particles are delivered to outside first.

Becomes the shell full with blue respectively violet light, then with further take up of blue respectively violet light they fill respective the next outside placed shells

The reds will be displaced in their own shell increasingly.

Thereby increasingly blue and violet particles speed to outside and cause white light with the red.

4c) Quants ?

If iron is feeded with longer-waved particles (for ex. only reds), then iron cannot glow white.

Is iron only yet feeded with longer-waved particles, (no reds), so iron cannot melt.

Do you wants to melt throug a tank with a cigarette lighter, this will fail.

The cigarette lighter provides the wrong particles. It has too long-waved light.

In the last 2 centuries the scientists believed, that the temperatur increases proportional with increasing quantity of warmness. From iron on this thought wasn't more correct.

Planck delivered a theory, by which the particles are being pushed out with shorter wave-length brokenly and harder.

4d) Weaks normally not quantable

Normal experiments to fit positive and negative 4-particles to larger compounds are failed up to now.

All equal directed weaks basically repel each another.

Are coming a positive and a negative weak together, they construct either one own big with the same force direction to outside (for ex. 8-particle), or one of both will be turned (besides if the force heights are extremely parting - then they could quant).

With turning only positive respectively only negative weaks are coming out, which again repel each another.

4e) Quanting only in chaos or with extrem separation

A quanting of weaks of the nature is excluded at unilateral surrounding.

Within chaos of a supernovae suddenly positive and negative units are in confusion.

A quanting of weaks is here possible in small bulk.

With knobs on these would mostly have more masse in ratio to the energy, because positives and negatives are 'weaking' each another.

Such would settle down further inside the material, but not as light outside.

After stabilising after a chaos in every shell there are only yet either positive or negative weaks.

A further quanting is now excluded.

Therefore in the follow will be extactly explained, how the the nature is working without quants !

5) Quantity and quality of minos

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5a) Voltage and amperage

The temperature also must be distinguished in different qualitys.

All weaks, also the electricial current, is subject to the same nature-laws.

With electricial current we have amperage and votage. This applies to all weak particles.

All weaks have a force to outside.

These also can be named as temperature.

Therefore also the temperature must distinguished in quantity and quality, that is in voltage and amperage.

5b) Atom bond with different shells respectively waves

The atoms border with their shells to each another.

The one border with shells shorter-waved, the others with shells longer-waved particles to another.

These shells hold their atoms together.

If one increases/descends their particle quantity, their bond will be weaker/firmer.

5c) Wave-lengths for melting

To melt aluminium, there is needed particles, which have at least the wave-length, which is in their bond shells. Longer-waved particles don't separate these atoms.

To melt iron, particles are necessary, which have a lot of shorter wave-length.

Is the wave-length too long, then iron can be delivered yet so much temperature, it will not melt.

Is the wave-length exact correct, we only need a minimum of energy respectively of these particles to separate iron.

5d) Wave-lenths and temperatures

The sun has at its border a temperatue ring of some millionen grades of warmth, the corona.

This corona may not be imagined as a heat ring.

The particles of this corona are only accordingly short-waved.

Normally the old physics has treated temperature, waves and colours all the same and all confused.

Red, blue and violet colours have not absolutely 6000 up to 10000 celvin, how this is showed for ex. by computer monitors.

They have only the particles of this temperature (6000-10000K) but not the quantity for this heath.

Therefore we all see this colours with this temperature in a surrounding of a heath of 300K.

In reallity only the externe particle radius, the wave-lenght is accordingly short at very less particles.

Also temperatures of many 100 millions of grad within the sun so are interpretable wrong.

The weak particles round nucleon- respectively atom kernel are accordingly shorter-waved.

5e) Feature variations at changed wave-length

Step by step one has to learn to build in qualities at the temperature.

If atoms are feeded with very short-waved, so the longer-waved will be driven out.

When these atoms ‘cool off', in no case these shorter-waved will be extruded out of shells for normally longer-waved.

The temperature is sinking, but the features of these atoms keep changed at some points.

Then for ex. aluminium cannot be anymore melt by the old long wave-length.

At the reactor katastrophe of Tschernobyl within the whole plant area lon-waved have been replaced by shorter-waved weaks. These also cannot be driven out anymore in the future.

The accordingly changed shorter-waved features of material will keep.

5f) Deliver of quants

Shorter-waved particles (for ex. light) also can settle down in shells, in which are above all longer-waved.

Because longer-waved have a bigger difference force producing radius, there are many shorter-waved necessary to replace one corresponding longer-waved.

Reverse this means:

Is one longer-waved electro-particle promoted or shot (for ex. at the border of a Cu-line) into a shell further inside (shorter-waved particles), so there were driven out respectively fired out by circustances thousands shorter-waved (for ex. light) at a single blow.

This correlates the hitherto deliver of quants ! But the single light particles itself are parted.

5g) Electricity - foundation

Electricity consists of ampeage and voltage. We name their particles 'electros'.

The voltage is the force, which is varied with the intern particle diameter respectively the wave-length.

The bigger the particle radius, the powerfuller is it, and the farther outside it is placed.

Electros have a so long wave, that they move at the outside border of the whole body, the current line.

A transformator moves in the one circuit shorter-waved, in the other longer-waved electros.

The longer-waved, the higher is their voltage.

5h) Electricial voltage

The higher the voltage, the farther outside flow these particles.

Because of the bigger distance of the higher voltage, their force to the more inside shells is smaller.

Shorter-waved further inside, which increase these particles which bonding the atoms, are influenced less.

The bigger the voltage,the more power can be transported, without to burn through the line.

But attention: With 2-times voltage there cannot be also transported the 2-times amperage !

5i) Radioactivity

With big alteraltions of shell further inside, longer-waved minos are coming too far to inside.

Longer-waved are powerfuller and are being drawn faster to inside at new compositions of shells (for ex. at nuclear fission or alpha-decay.

Over the natural radiation of particles permanently shorter-waved particles settle down further inside.

Now they extrude there longer-waved at the shell border.

These are speeding to outside and can again strike out minos from the next follow shells.

So long inside longer-waved are being driven out, so long this particle is radiating.

Particles 4

Gases - atom-/kernel-bond - nucleons

mailto mhaertel@naturgesetze.de

1) Gases/atoms and their external shells

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1a) Most narrow E-radius at inert gases

Inert gases have a full last electron shell (2 electrons) respectively 3 such shells at close quarters.

This narrow last system of electron shells delivers another plus-minus-force difference of the atom.

First all shells are narrower (descends force), but the last shell has the double number of electrons (the negative force increases there corresponding).

The bigger near of these 3 narrow last shells increases the difference force at the atom border huge.

With their bigger difference energy directly near these last electron shell system, they can take up shorter-waved particles (have less energy).

1b) Inert gases have shorter-waved shells

The more norrow last shell system clearly surpasses the opposite effect of smaller radii.

Therefore we get a higher positive force tip behind the most extern shell.

So it gets the possibility to take up shorter-waved particles there.

These have a smaller force reach to far outside.

Thereby the negative force of these minos is more simple to surpass by the atom.

1c) Inert gases have much more and smaller shells

Behind a shell there an empty reversion shell is coming into being with negative force.

This negative shell quickly becomes smaller to outside and will be surpassed by the atom then positive.

In front of this reversion shell again shorter-waved minos are daming, which produce a next reversion shell. This will be surpassed finally again by the atom, and so on.

Because the shells at inert gases begin with shorter-waved minos and these with their reversion shell are being surpassed former by the atom, we get much more and smaller shells.

Inert gases have more outside volume.

Inert gases have because of their shell short-waveness a lot of more masse at the atom border.

These shells also reach a lot of wider to outside.

Besides at the border they still are very short-waved.

Heavier inert gases each are overall still shorter-waved.

1d) Iron and its border

The Gravitation causes at regrowing stiff of iron the firm atom bond.

Regrowing stiff without gravitation delivers gasic iron with low temperature !

Fe-atoms are negative at their border negativ.

It is depending on the quantity of minos respectively the wave-length they have at their border.

Therefore the negative border can end very early but can reach also very far to outside.

1e) Atom to outside positive and negative at the same time

Electrons and protons have strong forces.

Because of bigger average distance of the electrons and their angle against extern far reference areas it seems first, that they could effect a smaller sum of force to outside than the kernel.

But in cause of the quadration of the distance effect of each strong to extern reference areas, the electrons effect by average a bigger sum of force to outside than the kernel.

All strongs have force reversions. All electrons have a high negative energy at their border and a strong positive to far outside.

Because of the strong positive force to far away, the electrons and therefore the whole atom attract all negative, which are daming in front of the exterior electron shell.

Then at the atom border negative rings are coming into being, which growing from border to outside.

This atom is to near outside negative and to far outside positive.

2) Bond of atoms

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2a) Gravitation and 0 K

Electrons and protons effect by force to far outside and realizing the basis for the gravitation force.

More atoms attract better positive.

At 0 Kelvin (0 K) atoms are more positive to wide outside.

Additional minos weak the positive force. Here the atom border is becoming permanetly more negative and the negative force is be pushed always farther to outside.

Later when the border is full with negatives, still only new arriving short-waved (have less force) are driving out longer-waved anymore. Then contrary the negative atom border will become smaller.

2b) Minos encore from 0 K on

At 0K free atoms are without pressure outside. They are 'empty'.

At 0 K free atoms are repelling each another (positive).

At minos delivered, the atom border is becoming more negative.

When the negative border of one free atom is reaching the positive 2. free atom, they can attract each another.

From a definite minos energy on, the attraction of a nearly empty 2. atom to the negative border of the first is greater than the repulsion between both empty atoms.

Then both atoms bond each another.

2c) Bond curve of atoms

Every atom has a bond curve.

By adding more minos, from a definite quantity of minos energy on we get the biggest bond force (firm condition).

By adding still more minos, the bond force descends again, up to be fluid and finally gasiform (all repel another).

From 0 K on up to the gas state we get a bond curve which is depending on the minos energy.

2d) Basis of the aggregation condition

Once the aggregation state is depending on which element it is.

Thereby is decisive what how many electrons and with what radii an element has.

Corresponding above the wave-lengths of shells at the atom border and their external border are behaving.

With 0 K the inner shells keep all untouched.

Bonded atoms, molecules, and so on are loosing at 0 K only the surpluss of each shell.

3) Melting points of shells

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3a) Why are gases aerially ?

Spezially with gases this has to do less.

All elements are gasiform at different temperatures.

Why are atoms/molecules firm/fluid at more or less temperature ?

Melting- and boiling point are depending above all from the last electron shell, whether that has 0, 1 or 2 electrons.

3b) Melting point and length expanse - Pb-Ir

The product of melting-point (in K) and length-expanse coefficient (with warmth variation) is very close quarters at nearly all elements. The fluctuation aggregate about the factor 2.

Is the melting point high, so the length expanse is small and contrary.

The distance between the mid-points of 2 equal firm atoms is comparatively high at low melting point (not always).

So lead (Pb 82e) needs at room temperature about the 2-times space per atom how iridium (77e).

You can ask whether lead is bond very far outside and Ir very closely. Far inside the 4-particles are shorter-waved.

Or has Pb because of its electron shell constitution less energy to outside and isn't drawing the other atom so near ?

Ir has a big diameter of the last electron shell and 2 electrons inside. The last but one shell has 7 electrons (uneven). This odd electron is pushing the last shell to far outside. Therefore Ir has at the border so much energy.

3c) Generally to‘only 1 electron in a shell'

Atoms with only 1 electron in the last or last but one electron shell bond each another partly very firm (mostly very unlike their element neighbours). They have a mighty and shorter-waved shell system of minos. The high energy can draw the atoms very close to each others.

With these atoms the atom has at the end of the last electron shell a very big radius and the distance to the next atom is comparatively very low.

When only 1 electron in the last shell delivers the 1. force reversion, the force tip of the first minos shells (behind last electron) is relatively low.

If the last but one has an odd electron number and the last shell has 2 electrons, the atom builds up a mightier negative border.

3d) 1 electron outside and full shells inside - Cu,Ag,Au

The full inside electron shells draw their shells near to each others.

The one electron in the last shell has a big orbit radi.

Therefore it has a lot of energy to outside, but less against them with an odd electron number in the last but one shell and 2 electrons in the last.

Therfore the melting point and firmness is against them some less.

The minos-shell-system is longer-waved and more negative and can transport their special electro-minos better.

3e) With only 1 electron outside very easy to bind

Here the atoms have from inside the ideal difference energy to hold at the atom border exact the negative energy to draw extern atoms and bond them.

This negative energy is not too less (not attracting) and not too high (repelling).

The strong force height is because of the raised radi of the last electron exact so high, that the border can hold enough longer-waved particles, which realize enough negative energy.

More difference energy from inside would realize shorter-waved borders with less energy.

The sphere surface behind the last electron shell is big enough to hold tight a big quantity of relative long-waved 4-particles.

In these shells there are gathering enough longer-waved minos, which have a much bigger negative force (compare Fe - Cu).

Because these atoms are at close quarters, their gravitation effect per area unit is corresponding large.

3f) Effects at only 1 electron in last shell

In the case of long-waved particles relative less masse of minos is enough to compensate the positive force.

These atoms with only one electron in their last shell need up to the last electron shell more space.

With the bigger electron radius the difference force to outside increases very overproportional.

Therefore H has against He a big positive force and a huge sphere surface to the bordering shells of minos.

With for ex. 1,58-times distance of an electron from the atom kernel (for ex. about H contra He) we get for ex. the 4-times force to an outside minos.

Additional we get behind the last electron shell the 2,5-times sphere surface and the 4-times space.

Then H could take up much more equal minos than He.

But because of the higher shell energy, H takes up more shorter-waved.

Therefore He will melt earlier and with less powerful minos than H !

So atoms with only 1 electron within their last electron shell have proportional a bigger masse and quantity of minos. With the bigger shell energy the elements are taking up shorter-waved particles.

3g) More to of effects of 1 or 2 electrons in last shell

Atoms with 2 or more electrons within their last electron shell have a corresponding smaller masse and quantity of minos. They cannot capture so much short-waved particles (against their element neighbours) and will melt earlier. They keep more neutral and don't effect so far negative.

The firmness of bonding is depending on the deepness of the shells with which the atoms are binding. The ideal minos energy would be the best (not more, not less) !

With more energy by the exterior shell (for ex. 1 electron) each force reversions is ending later, because they take up shorterwaved minos. There the shell would need a lot of more wideness to reach the same energy (it has to compensate more positive energy). The border of such a free atom will become very wide and therefore wide negative. The border of such crystal atoms will end earlies because of their bond. These crystals effect very positive to outside.

Atoms with full shells (mostly gases) are very narrow, have less energy and can only hold longer-waved 4-particles.

Helium can become firm, if it is not too short-waved at its border (short-waves have less energy and need so more particles and more space, then both atoms are too far away and repel each another).

3h) Result with only 1 electron in end-shell

With only 1 electron within last or last but one electron shell we get more shell energy and shells with shorter-waved particles.

Mostly we reach the border to the next atom with shorter-waved and a lot of less shells (inspite of a wider negative border).

The wave-lenth is increasing overproportional to the intern radius of the minos. The longer-waved the minos at the bonding shell, the lower the melting point. Less shell energy can hold no short-waves. There the melting point is more could.

Do you want to melt material which is very narrow respectively shortwaved bonded, you need at least such short-waved particles.

You cannot melt an armour with a cigarette lighter. That lighter produces too long-waved warmth.

There bundled up laser light is a lot of shorter and can intrude into the interstices and stretch and finally dissolve the atom bond.

4) Bond shells of the atom kernel

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4a) Common to protons and neutrons

Electrons have a very negative border and effect far away strong positive (positrons contrary).

Protons also have a very negative border and effect far away strong negative (alfas corresponding).

The circumstances of atom kernels and protons are extrem stabil. Only under very precise circumstances they can be changed.

Neutrons are in middle near general weak positive and repel each another.

Protons are generally in middle and far distances strong negative and repel each another.

At big atoms protons reside at the kernel border because of the bigger middle force against neutrons.

At protons one electron is absent. Therefore they have a great negative surplus to middle and far outside.

At reception of one neutron the kernel and the new neutron deliver by average overall a masse of 1% of a whole nucleon (masse defect).

4b) Clearance of protons and neutrons

The nucleons are by average about 1,8 times of their diameter apart.

That correlates proportional about the average clearance of firm atoms to each another.

At the kernel border of a big atom to every proton borders 1 neutron (lengthwise) in square angle to the protons. The protons are diagonal apart.

Therefore the protons have over the 1,41-times distance against each another than to their other neutrons.

4c) Extern force reversion of the nuleon-/atom-kernel

Have the neutrons in the inner a more times strong negative kernel of positrons, then exactly so many strong positive electrons are circulating round this positron kernel.

Directly at the border of the nucleon kernel there are shells filled with positive plusos.

Therefore this kernel effects extremly positive at its border.

Behind this shells the force is reversing back to strong negative to far away.

This strong negative force is holding the electrons (high negative border) which are very positive to far away.

One big nucleon has for ex. 100 - 200 electrons in an orbit round the kernel of 100 - 200 positrons.

These electrons have a positive force to far away and building up positive shells filled up with negative minos at the nucleon border.

This shell system is principially the same as at the atom border.

The shell system begins at less than 101% of the last electron radius.

4d) Bond shells of the nucleons

The neutron is very positive to far away (electrons have the radius, positrons are in the point).

The neutron attracts all weak negatives from outside and fills up its shells at its border.

The maximal difference force between rotating electron and standing positron is for ex. at a radius of 101,8% of the last electron and has 6,66 % force of one electron.

At a radius of 1,1-times (1,8-times) the force would be about 0,26% (0,003%).

To be filled up the nucleon needs for ex. 10³⁰ weak negative 4-particles.

By filling up new empty negative reversion shells are produced.

After the first reversion shell 1b new arriving minos are daming in front of this 1b-shell. They fill up the shell 2a. These particles inside 2a produce with their negative energy the reversion shell 2b, then daming for 3a, and so on.

Because of these arriving minos the positive difference force at the neutron border is descending quicklier.

The electrons are producing positive shells which have been filled up negative under production of reversion shells.

We name these shells with negative minos the bond shells of the nucleons.

4e) Bond curve of the nucleons

The ‘gasiform' is depending above all how many minos energy the nucleon has at its border.

With null minos masse they repel each another strongly.

With adding minos, repulsion descends increasingly, up to mutual attraction.

At a definite minos energy there could be spoken of a firm state or of the highest bond force also at nucleons.

By adding still more minos, the bond force will descend again, up to all repel each another and become gasiform.

From the weakest bond on up to the gasiform we get a bond curve which is depending on the minos energy (compare 0 K at full shells at the atom border).

4f) Neutrons are also no gases

Neutrons are a little bit more aerially and attract therefore mor negative weaks.

Would have the nucleon at its border very many electrons within the last shell, so the nuclen would be intern the most narrow.

Then it would surround itself with so much negative bond masse, that all nucleons would be aerially.

Actually neutrons are delivering no pure aerially behavior (react with protons like F with H).

Neutrons disgust each another in the normal state.

Neutron are negative to outside at middle distance, then at farther positive !

The strong parts of the neutron (positrons, electrons) would have a positive force to outside at enough distance.

4g) Gases and nucleons

Gases have a full exterior electron shell at the atom border.

Therefore all last electrons are attracted very near to the last but one shell.

Within the neutron this also would be the same.

At loss of electrons the proton reacts a little bit other than the atom at electron capturing.

At the proton there is missing one electron. But it has the same positive force from the nucleon kernel.

4h) Negative Soup of the nucleon kernel

The negative soup of the nucleon kernel which is clinging the protons together, is negative.

It weaks the positive kernel effect over huge distances to the most exterior electron border (*105) only minimal because it is weak.

Consequences to the bond shells are therefore inconsiderable.

5) Proton/Neutron - which last electron ?

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5a) Loss of electrons - - bond shell

The causes for the force of the bond shell are primary by the number of electrons of the nucleon..

A proton has one electron less.

but: It isn’t so, that the bond shell, with 1 electron less, can attract more minos in this quantity.

The bond shell even looses masse.

To break down this there are 2 electron examples.

Either the neutron looses at electron loss its last electron shell or not.

5b) How many electrons has a nucleon in exterior shell ?

A neutron could have for ex. 6 electrons within a full exterior interior electron shell and the proton exact 5. About exactly this effect is obtained by follow:

A proton could have within the exterior interior electron shell only 1 electron and the neutron exaxtly 2.

So the exterior electrons of the neutron would be maximal apart from another and have only less higher radii (force of the neutron kernel doesn’t change).

5c) Differenz der ersten Schalen bei Neutronen/Proton

Wir nehmen nun an, dass ein Proton eine volle äusserste Schale hat.

Das Neutron hat eine Schale mehr, in der nur 1 Elektron kreist.

Die 1. Kraftumkehrung des Neutrons wäre deutlich weiter aussen als beim Proton.

Allerdings hat das Neutron aufgrund soviel Positronen wie Elektronen eine geringere starke Kraftdifferenz von innen.

Das Proton wäre früher positiv.

5d) Proton hat eine E-Schale weniger ?

Die Schalen dieses Neutrons wären demnach theoretisch weniger und langwelliger und gingen räumlich viel weniger nach aussen als beim Proton.

Das Neutron wäre dann wie ein Au-Atom.

Die Mächtigkeit dieser Schalen des Neutrons wäre demnach kleiner als beim Proton.

Allerdings ist der negative Kraftanteil des Protons aufgrund des fehlenden negativen Elektrons niedriger.

Beim Elektronenausklinken kommen aber keine kurzwelligeren Minos zum Proton.

Dann nisten sich die langwelligen des Neutrons um das innen engere Proton.

Das Proton kann dann im Verhältnis nicht die Masse halten, wie entsprechende Atome am Atomrand.

Das Proton zieht Minos an, bis es voll ist.

5e) Letzte E-Schale mit 1 bzw. 2 Elektronen

Wenn das Neutron in seiner letzten Elektronenschale voll ist, so ist es extrem eng.

Die 1. Kraftumkehrung kommt nun viel näher (ein Elektron beim Proton in letzter Schale):

Die positive Kraft auf Schale 1 beim Neutron ist im Verhältnis viel höher.

Die Kraftspitze in Schale 1 ist entsprechend hoch.

Die Schalen könnten weniger dieser Langwelligen aufnehmen.

Man bräuchte viel mehr Raum um eine ähnliche Menge an Bindemasse unterzubringen.

Das Neutron müsste leichter sein, als es in Wirklichkeit ist.

5f) Schale 1 ohne letzte E-Schale

Wenn das Neutron in seiner letzten Elektronenschale nur 1 Elektron hat, verliert es diese Schale.

Die 1. Kraftumkehrung kommt nun viel näher (kein Elektron beim Proton in letzter Schale):

Die ‘vorletzte’ (neue letzte) Elektronen-Schale wirkt höher.

Die negative Kraft auf Schale 1 ist im Verhältnis viel höher.

Die Kraftspitze in Schale 1 ist entsprechend niedrig.

Die 2. Kraftumkehrung kommt im Verhältnis zur 1. später. Man braucht mehr Raum um eine ähnliche Menge an Bindemasse unterzubringen.

Die Nukleonen haben so mehr Abstand voneinander, obwohl das Proton innen enger ist.

5g) Massenverluste

Beim Elektronenverlust eines Neutrons verliert das Neutron eine Masse an Schwachen, welche etwa 0,087% der Gesamtmasse eines Neutrons ausmacht.

Macht die Masse der Schalen um das Nukleon etwa 5% der Gesamtmasse des Nukleons aus, so verliert das Neutron beim Elektronenverlust weniger als 2% dieses Schaleninhalts.

Bei Aufnahme von Neutronen durch den Atomkern verliert das Neutron durchschnittlich 1% der Geamtmasse bzw. nach obiger 5%-Annahme etwa 20% seiner äusseren Schalenmasse.

Wenn ein Atomkern ein Nukleon aufnimmt, so ist es ähnlich, wie wenn 2H und 1O zu Wasser verbrennen.

Wenn ein Neutron am Rand des Atomkerns tanzen würde, so hätte es kaum Massenverluste.

5h) Massendifferenz von Proton/Neutron unproblematisch

Neutronen haben innen einen grösseren Durchmesser als die Protonen.

Die Neutronen-Bindeschalen haben aber nur minimal mehr Kapazität (verliert bei Elektronenaustritt nur 0,087% der Nukleonenmasse)

Da die Nukleonen um etwa ihren 1,8-fachen Durchmesser auseinander sind, machen diese Unterschiede nichts aus.

Zwischen den Kraftumkehrungen der Bindeschale ist bei Proton und Neutron nur wenig Unterschied.

5i) Schale 1 des Atomkerns als Bindematerial

Sowohl Neutron als auch Proton wären ab der 1. Kraftumkehrung nach aussen positiv und ziehen schwache Negative an (wegen höherem Elektronen-Radius).

Sie füllen diese ihre Schalen mit Negativen voll, welche entsprechende Umkehrschalen erzeugen.

Sie ziehen die sonst hier positiven Nukleonen zusammen und halten sie gleichzeitig auf Abstand 1,8.

6) Kraft und Aggregatszustand des Kerns – Elektronenaustritt

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6a) Kraftdifferenz von Proton und Neutron weiter weg

Der Unterschied zwischen Neutron und Proton ist derjenige, dass das Neutron keinen Überschuss an starken Urladungen hat.

Die schwache Kraft fällt nach aussen schneller als die Starke. Bei 1/10³-fachem Abstand fällt die starke Kraft auf 1/10⁶, wobei die Schwache auf etwa 1/10⁸ bis 1/10⁹ fällt.

Daher wirkt das Proton auf grössere Entfernung wieder stark positiv, wobei das Neutron lange schwach negativ bleibt.

Bei zB 6 Elektronen in äusserster Atom-Schale wäre bei 6 starken Positiven (Kraft +6) im Nukleon-Zentrum die starke Kraft an der Stelle eines Elektrons bis +4,5 stark.

6b) Schalenumkehrungen des Neutrons

Da sowohl die Positronen, aber auch das ganze Neutron am Rand eine extrem dichte Masse aus schwachen Negativen (Minos) aufweisen, erzeugen sie immer wieder Umkehrschalen.

Vor diesen stauen sich wieder Minos und erzeugen wieder negative Umkehrschalen, usw.

Sowohl Neutron als auch Proton wirken am Rand in den entscheidenden Bereichen immer wieder negativ.

Sie ziehen am Rand alles Positive an (Protonen, Plusos).

6c) Alle Ränder sind negativ

Ein Neutron würde am liebsten ein Positron aufnehmen.

Aber alle grossen 'Positiven' sind am Rand auch negativ.

Es müssen die Wellenlängen am Rand zueinander passen, wenn Neutronen bzw. Protonen aufgenommen werden sollen.

Es entscheidet nicht die Menge, da der Atom- bzw. Nukleonenrand sowieso immer voll ist.

6d) Aggregatszustand der Nukleonen

Nun sind die Nukleonen im Atomkern aber gegenseitig weder fest noch gasförmig.

Am ehesten könnte man sie noch als flüssig bezeichnen.

In gewisser Hinsicht ähneln Atomkerne gasförmigen Grossmolekülen.

Bei Molekülen kommt es darauf an, ob die Elektronenschalen 1 oder 2 Elektronen haben.

Chemiker könnten zum Thema Proton/Neutron sicher Kombinationen aus der Molekülwelt finden, welche präzise zum Elektronenrand passen.

Vielleicht wäre ein Neutron auch leicht mit einem Quecksilber- oder Bleiatom vergleichbar (80/82 Elektronen).

6e) Hg - Au und ihre Elektronen

Bei Verlust eines Elektrons würde Quecksilber schwache negative Masse abgeben, da das übrigbleibende Elektron der 6s-Schale nun weiter aussen rotiert.

Quecksilber hat einen kleineren Radius der letzten Elektronenschale, da es gegenüber Gold (79 Elektronen) 2 Elektronen aussen hat.

Dieses wird verursacht, weil Hg ein Proton mehr und damit eine höhere Kraft als Au hat. Beide Elektronen der 6s-Schale gehen mit reduziertem Radius auf maximalen Abstand zueinander.

6f) Letztes Nukleonen-Elektron: Allgemeines zur Schale

Ein oder mehr Elektronen rotieren im Nukleon in dessen äusserster (letzter) Schale Þ

Die starke positive Kraft aus dem Inneren hält das letzte Elektron gerade noch in der äussersten Nukleonenschale.

Den Bereich der positiven Kraft im Nukleon nennt man innere Plus-Schale des Nukleone.

Den Bereich der negativen Kraft der letzten Elektronenschale im Nukleon nennt man letzte innere Minus-Schale des Nukleons.

Schwache können fast nicht zur Elektronenschale durchdringen, es sei denn sie sind eng genug.

Der Nukleoneninnenraum bzw. Kern ist sehr geschützt.

6g) Äusserstes Elektron extrem instabil

Ausserhalb der letzten Schale hat das Nukleon eine Kraftumkehrung von Minus auf Plus.

Jedes Elektron hat einen positiven Rand.

Negative Schalen mit Kurzreichweite können diesen Rand noch erwischen, sind aber weiter weg zu schwach, um das Elektron negativ abzustossen.

Das äusserste Elektron ist so instabil, dass es bei sehr wenig von aussen eingreifender negativer Kraft kurzer Reichweite das Nukleon verlässt und mit Abstand um den ganzen Atomkern kreist.

Die 1. äussere Kraftumkehrung des Neutrons ist scheinbar extrem nah am letzten Elektron.

6h) Elektronenausklinken mit mittleren Wellen

Beta-Minus-Reaktionen kommen in der Natur unter bestimmten Bedingungen laufend vor.

Unter welchen Bedingungen verliert ein Neutron das äussere Elektron ?

Kommen zum Atomkern kurzwellige Minos, welche die inneren Schalen des Nukleons negativer machen, so ziehen diese das äusserste innere Elektron nach aussen.

Sind die Minos zu kurzwellig, so erhöhen sie nur die Abstände der Schalen und stabilisieren das letzte Elektron.

Man braucht also Minos mittlerer Wellenlänge um aus Neutronen Protonen zu machen.

7) Force and mass at nucleon’s border

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7a) Second force inversion at nucleon’s border, proton

With for ex. 6 electrons within extremity atom shell and 6 strong positives (force +6) within the nucleon center the strong force at the place of an electron would be strong about +4,5.

Is an electron (proton) missing, above force only rises to just under +5.

To outside the negative force subsides up to a newly force inversion.

There the exterior plus shell of the nucleon is beginning.

The force inversion begins at the proton a little bit more inside and ends aome later.

The more electrons, the smaller becomes the effect of one missing electron.

7b) Parameter to the masse of the atom kernel

One atom kernel can hold a nultiple number of minos than the minos shell of the atom.

Every nucleon has inside from 80 up to 200 electrons.

About the number of nucleons the force could be higher against the atomic border additional to the distance effect.

Besides this the wave lengths are shorter at the kernel border. This enables once more masse.

7c) Masse at the kernel border

The spheric areas of the shells at the atom border are for ex. 10 billion times more than this at the nucleon border.

Ther we also find a 10 billion times bigger strong force (with for ex. each 80 electrons at atom/nucleon).

With the same electron number so a nucleon might have more masse at the border only about the shorter wave-lengths.

But the wave lenghts could also be shorter up to 100.000 times.

8) Particles 5 - Others

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8a) Energy and force proportional

With 4 times proton number there is at same distance the 4 times force to outside, but only the 4 times pressure.

At 4 times pressure there also is only the 4 times energy !

Force advantage takes place by low pressure.

Force and energy can go proportional, insteat of 4/8 !

At 8-times proton number there is the 8-times of energy, force and pressure to outside.

Area and distance haven*t changed thereby.

8b) Slipping through barrier layers

The difference of minos shells between proton and neutron is the smaller the more electrons are rotating at the border of the nucleon’s kernel.

The more rotate, the ‚smaller’ those negative particles had to be, which want to slip through this electron belt into the inside space of the nucleon.

Only particles from a special impuls relative to their force effect can intrude into thisinside space. with.

The same is valid for all minos and all other strongs and weaks (whole atoms).

At atoms these particles are corresponding bigger, at nucleons accordingly smaller.

8c) Particle conversion

Minos within the minos shell react with arriving plusos (positive weaks).

The positives will be revolved and conversed into minos.

Plusos and minos react so long with each another, up to only minos are remaining.

8d) Electrons don’t jump between nucleons

One electron can bond 2 protons to itself !

One original charge can let round maximal 3 contrary charged original charges round itself.

3 are relative instabil, because from outside are low forces enough to deduct an original charge.

At nucleons we have wholly other forces ratio, because one proton is missing a whole strong negative original charge.

One neutron can bond 2 protons to itself (Helium with 3 nucleons) These are maximal distanced to each another.

Electrons don’t jump between nucleons back and forth.

8e) Neutron and proton

Inside the neutron one caught electron round more than inside the proton.

The electron rounds in the border sector of the neutron (for ex. 100.000 times faster than wihin the external electron shell of the atom).

At the nucleons there are protons only at the border of the atomic kernel, because they disgust each another.

At the proton there is missing 1 electron.

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